Photosystem II (PSII) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes water splitting to molecular oxygen in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. It evolved about 3 billion years ago at the level of ancient cyanobacteria. The embedded “oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)”, composed of a Mn₄CaO₅cluster surrounded by water and amino acid ligands, acts as a highly efficient water oxidation catalyst. Due to charge separations in the reaction center of PSII, the OEC is initially stepwise oxidized during the cyclic catalysis, so that it attains four (meta)stable intermediates (S₀, S₁, S₂, and S₃) and one transient S₄state, the latter of which initiates O₂formation. Accounting also for proton release and charge of the Mn₄CaO₅₍₆₎complex, the classical five-step “S-state cycle” can be refined to instead include nine intermediate states that are separated by kinetically distinguishable proton and electron transfer steps.

Structural polymorphism of the OEC has been proposed and experimentally observed, mainly by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, for some decades. The unique “distorted chair”-like geometry of the Mn₄CaO₅₍₆₎cluster shows structural flexibility that has been frequently proposed to involve “open” and “closed”-cubane forms from the S₁to S₃states. The isomers are interconvertible in the S₁and S₂states, while in the S₃state, the open-cubane structure is observed to dominate in Thermosynechococcus elongatus (cyanobacteria) samples. It is commonly assumed that the O–O bond formation in the S₄state also occurs in the open-cubane conformation. However, there have been also several proposals based on a closed-cubane structure, which is in sharp contrast in terms of geometric configuration. This motivates us to investigate if structural heterogeneity exists just before the S₄state is formed from the S₃state via electron abstraction by Y_z^•.

In this work, using density functional theory calculations, we go beyond the S₃⁺Y_zstate to the S₃ⁿY_z^•→ S₄⁺Y_zstep, and report for the first time that the reversible isomerism, which is suppressed in the S₃⁺Y_zstate, is fully recovered in the ensuing S₃ⁿY_z^•state due to the proton release from a manganese-bound water ligand. The altered coordination strength of the manganese–ligand facilitates formation of the closed-cubane form, in a dynamic equilibrium with the open-cubane form. The open-closed isomerization in the S₃ⁿY_z^•state may correspond to the proposed “structural isomerization” preceding dioxygen formation and to thereby constitute the rate limiting 1–2 ms phase (slow phase) that follows a 200 μs lag phase and precedes the much more rapid O₂formation.

This tautomerism immediately preceding dioxygen formation may constitute the rate limiting step for O₂formation, and exert a significant influence on the water oxidation mechanism in photosystem II.The restored structural heterogeneity prior to the S₄state diversifies the viable options for O–O bond formation in PSII. In this way, the availability of both open and closed-cubane structures in the S₄state may reflect a “two-pronged” arrangement of the OEC, allowing for efficient and robust water oxidation, and may have contributed to its evolutionary development. The elegant structural reversibility triggered by proton release in the natural enzyme may provide a useful reference for designs of artificial catalysts.